Human Ultrasonography

What is ultrasound, history, principle, the material used, and its uses?

What is ultrasonography?

Ultrasonography is the imaging technique in which a high-frequency sound wave is used to capture the real-time image of organs inside the body. It is just like sonar and radar used in navigation. The sound wave frequency used in ultrasonography is above 20000 Hz and that is why it's called ultrasound. The normal range of sound waves audible to a human being is from 20 Hz - 20000 Hz.

History of evolution of ultrasonography:-

Ultrasound Machine

In the era of this modern medical science, we are always trying to reach the peak of our need for the rectification of our health issues. Scientific bodies all over the world are always working in their respective fields for the betterment of human beings. Health science is itself a big field of research to solve the very big and very small day to days health issues. Working in a particular Health science is not so easy, it always needs the assistance of other revolutionary sciences. One of the parallel science in biophysics is the backbone of modern medicine. The development of modern medicine is quite impossible without the help of this science. Nowadays even robotic science is being used in the assistance of many surgical and medical fields. So during the 1970-80s the ultrasonography was introduced in the field of human science which was one of the revolutionary techniques in imaging science after the invention of x-rays at that time. 
During the 1980s, ultrasound began to turn out to be more modern, however, it wasn't until the 1990s when it truly got ordinary. The main 3D picture of a foetus was taken in 1986. During the 1990s, the reception of 4D capacities got conceivable, and ultrasound-guided biopsies began to surface. Previously the ultrasonography methods were being utilized in the field of mechanical designing for the recognition of iron bar breaks, etc. 

Who is the inventor of ultrasound?

The first run-through ultrasound was utilized for clinical reasons was in 1956. It was utilized in Glasgow by an Obstetrician named Ian Donald and an engineer named Tom Brown. These two men built up the primary model framework for ultrasound, however, it wasn't idealized until the finish of the 1950s 

What is the principle of ultrasound?

The method utilized in Ultrasonography works in the principle of the piezoelectric effect in which the piezoelectric material generates electrical charges due to the impact of the pressure effect. The piezoelectric effect is a reversible process. An electric current passes through a cable to the transducer and is applied to the piezoelectric material in the form of crystal, causing them to deform and vibrate. This vibration produces the ultrasound beam. The frequency of the ultrasound waves produced is predetermined by the piezoelectric material in the transducer. These crystals are made up of piezoelectric materials.

What are the materials utilized in ultrasound?

The material utilized in ultrasonography is crystals of piezoelectric material. These materials are PZT, containing Lead, Zirconium, and Titanium. It is used in the manufacturing of crystals inside the transducer or probe.

What are the uses of ultrasound?

Now ultrasonography is one of the primary and best investigation modalities in the diagnosis of human visceral pathologies. 

It is also the safest diagnostic modality among all imaging modalities. 

So it’s the most common diagnostic modality among all imaging modalities. 

Ultrasound is utilized to assess manifestations in the body and to diagnose the cause behind the pain, any deformity, diseases, or infections.

Various early-stage cancers are also diagnosed which is very helpful in saving the lives of human beings. 

Ultrasound is a valuable method of analyzing a large number of the body's internal organs, external organs, and viscera.

1. External organs:

Eyes 
Thyroid and parathyroid organs

Scrotum 

Skin pathologies like a lump, lipoma, sebaceous cyst, neurofibroma, etc

2. Internal organs and viscera:

Cardiovascular system:-

Echocardiogram

Heart and veins, including the aorta and its significant branches. Analyze an assortment of heart conditions, including valve pathology and congestive cardiovascular failure, and assess the effect after myocardial infarction. Ultrasound of the heart is called an "echocardiogram".

Chest and Lungs:-

Ultrasonography is used to assess the atelectasis that is the collapse of the lung's parenchyma. It is also a very important imaging diagnostic modality to diagnose the pleural effusion in pleural cavities and hydrothorax.

Pleural effusion is the collection of excessive free fluid in the pleural cavities.

The breast abscess and any breast lump. 

Gasteroentestinalrgans:-

USG - Inflammed Appendix

Stomach
spleen 
pancreas 

Colons

Intestine

Appendix

Mesenteric lymph nodes

Hepatobiliary system:-

USG-Choledocholithiasis

Liver - Ultrasonography helps to diagnose hepatomegaly, fatty liver, hepatic cysts, hepatitis, liver abscess, etc
Gallbladder - Nowadays it is commonly used for the diagnosis of gallstones, and many pathologies of the hepatobiliary system.

Common bile duct - two diseases of common bile ducts that is choledochoascariasis and choledocholithiasis is commonly diagnosed by ultrasound.

Urogenital organs:-

Ultrasound of Uterus

Pathologies of the kidney, urinary bladder, and ureters

Stones - Urinary bladder stones and kidney stones.  

Prostate, uterus, ovaries -

other soft tissue cancers can also be primarily diagnosed.  

3. Paediatric ultrasonography:

Cerebrum in newborn children 
Hip joints in babies 
Spine in newborn children 

4. Antenatal diagnosis:

Antenatal Ultrasound

Another most common use of ultrasonography is the antenatal diagnosis. So now we can diagnose the few most common diseases during pregnancy without the hazards of radiation. It doesn't generate radiation. 

The use of ultrasound in antenatal diagnosis is very important in the early detection of various fetal anomalies, like anencephaly, ventricular dilatation leading to hydrocephalus, cystic hygroma, etc. Early miscarriage is also diagnosed with high accuracy. 

5. Biopsy and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, FNAC:

Ultrasound is also used in the following: 

Ultrasonography is taken as a helping tool to manage techniques, for example, needle biopsies, in which needles are utilized to get samples from an unusual territory inside any internal o external organs for lab testing. 
Ultrasound guide biopsy of breast malignant growth is diagnosed with ultrasonography. 

6. Doppler ultrasound:

Doppler ultrasound pictures can assist the doctor with seeing and assessing: 

Blockages to the blood flow, clots in the lumen of vessels.
Narrowing of vessels and other vascular malformations.
Tumors, cancers.
Diminished or missing bloodstream to different organs, for example, the testicles or ovary.
Increased blood flow, which might be an indication of infections.

What is the side effect of ultrasound? 

Ultrasound scans don't involve radiation exposure. External and internal ultrasound scans don't have any side effects and are generally painless, although you may experience some discomfort as the probe is pressed over your skin or inserted into your body.

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